Dative case of the noun and personal pronoun. Part 1

The Dative case (additive) answers the questions КЕМГЕ? (to whom?/for whom?), НЕГЕ (to what?/for what), КАЙДААР? (where to?).
To form the dative case you need to add one of the affixes -ГА, -ГЕ, -ГО, -ГӦ in сase the base of the noun ends in a vowel or voiced consonant like (й, л, м, н, ҥ, р).

When you see a noun base ends in a voiceless consonant like (к, п, с, т, ф, х, ч, ш, щ) you add the affix beginning with the voiceless consonant too –КА, -КЕ, -КО, -КӦ.

Follow the Vowel harmony rules to define which vowel shoul be in the affix:
if you see in the last syllable one of the soft vowel sounds (и, е, ӱ) you take affix –ГЕ or –КЕ, for example: Эзенге – to Ezen/for Ezen, Чейнешке – to Cheinesh.
Add -ГӦ, -КӦ after the vowel (ӧ) in the last syllable, for example: ӧртӧккӧ – to a duck, тӧртӧнгӧ – to forty.
And finally after the hard vowels (а, ы, у) in the last syllable you have to take -ГА, -КА: улуска – to people, айуга – to a bear, алыпка – to an athlete, каска – to a goose.
Add –ГО, -КО after the (o): койонго – to a hare, олорго – to them/for them, тошко – to ice, Торкого – to Torko (girl’s name).

Don’t forget that the Dative case is also the Additive that answers the questions КАЙДААР? (WHERE?) indicating the place and destination of movement (to, towards) мылчага – to the sauna/ for the sauna, школго – to school/for school.
Кем магазинге барар? – Who will go to the shop?

Also it answers the question WHAT FOR? FOR WHOM? indicating the reason of movement (because of ). For example, бала – child, балага – to a child/ to take the child, мен детсадка балага келдим – I came to the kindergarten to take the child home.
Калаш – bread. Калашка акча береер – Give me some money to buy the bread/ give some money for the bread.
Тон – coat, тонго – for a coat. Кара тонго кара топчы экел – bring a black button for the black coat.

Personal pronouns in dative

Note that pronouns МЕН, СЕН, ОЛ drop their last consonant in the position before the dative affixes: меге – to me, сеге – to you, ого – to him.